Flood relief and rescue form an important basis of disaster management, and the assessment of flood damage is a critical component of flood risk management. In its recent history, Kashmir Valley witnessed the floods in 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020, and 2021, but the worst flood in the living memory of the people was witnessed in the year 2014, which created widespread loss in economic and societal aspects. The present study discusses the spatial dimension of impact, relief, and rescue of the flood of 2014 in the Kashmir Valley. It analyses the distribution of relief and politics of relief and rescue and highlights the role of the communitarianism and the heroics of the community members in dealing with floods. The study provides the data of relief distribution under different government schemes and reveals that the relief was not distributed equally in various districts of the valley. The study relies on primary and secondary sources of data. Ethnographic approach was used for acquiring primary data because it provides the complex narratives of disasters and the political and social rupture experienced during the disasters. The data have been analysed with the help of Geographic Information System.
Identification of temporal changes in hydrological regimes of river basins is an important topic in contemporary hydrology because of the potential impacts of climate change on river flow regimes.For this purpose,long-term historical records of rainfall(P),runoff(Q)and other climatic factors were used to investigate hydrological variability and trends in the Tajan River Basin over the period 1969e1998.Actual evaporation(E),rainfall variability index(d),evaporation ratio(CE)and runoff ratio(CQ)were estimated from the available hydroclimatological records.Mann-Kendall trend analysis and nonparametric Sen's slope estimates were performed on the respective time series variables to detect monotonic trend direction and magnitude of change over time.Rainfall variability index showed that 1973 was the wettest year(δ=+2.039)while 1985 was the driest(δ=-1.584).Also,decades 69e78 and 89e98 were recognized as the wettest and driest decades respectively.The gradient of variation of climatological parameters showed that during the study period,all three parameters of rainfall,evaporation and runoff have decreased and the variations of rainfall and evaporation were significant at the 95%level.Investigation of hydrological changes due of dam construction(1999)showed that the amount and annual distribution of discharge were completely different pre and post-dam construction.Discharge decreased in high water months and increased in low water months to meet water supply demands,especially for agriculture.The relationship between temperature and rainfall trends is compared for three stations in Mazandaran Province(Gorgan,Babolsar and Ramsar)from 1956 to 2003 and nine other stations with different statistical periods of 19e36 years,relating trends to northern hemisphere and global trends.Decreases in temperature were accompanied by decreases in rainfall,and vice versa.These trends were not observed in northern hemisphere and world scales,where temperature increases are accompanied by decreases in rainfall.These variations of hydroclimatological parameters show undesirable water resources situations during the statistical periods if the trend continues severe water resource crises. 相似文献
Spawning biology and spawn fishery of three valuable species of Indian major carps,Catla catla, Labeo rohita andCirrhinus mrigala, in the lower Halda River, Bangladesh, were studied in 1978. The major carps spawned only in the Sonairchar oxbow-bend from April to June on or near the dates of the full moon and the new moon. The tide was then at its highest level, and there was heavy flood water runoff from the hill region with sharp increases in water level, turbidity and current velocity, as well as decreases in water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and hydrogen ion concentration. These three heterogeneric species, as a result of parallelism or convergence in evolution, overlap in their environmental requirements for spawning. The nursery ground of the major carp fry spawned in the Halda River was found to be in the Bay of Bengal. The brood stock origin is suspected to be at the Shankha River, 40 miles south of the Karnafuli River. The spawn fishery in the Halda River was intensive but inefficient. Engineering works and water management schemes are threatening the spawning habitat. 相似文献
The biogeochemical alteration of an Mg-Fe orthopyroxene, reacted for 70 yr under arid conditions in a desert environment, was studied by transmission electron microscopy. For this purpose, an electron transparent cross-section of the interface between a single microorganism, an orthopyroxene and nanometer-sized calcite crystals, was prepared with a focused ion beam system. X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry and electron energy loss spectroscopy allowed one to clearly distinguish the microorganism en route to fossilization from the nanometer-sized calcite crystals, showing the usefulness of such a protocol for identifying unambiguously traces of life in rocks. A 100-nm-deep depression was observed in the orthopyroxene close to the microorganism, suggesting an enhanced dissolution mediated by the microbe. However, an Al- and Si-rich amorphous altered layer restricted to the area just below the microorganism could be associated with decreased silicate dissolution rates at this location, suggesting complex effects of the microorganism on the silicate dissolution process. The close association observed between silicate dissolution and carbonate formation at the micrometer scale suggests that Urey-type CO2 sequestration reactions could be mediated by microorganisms under arid conditions. 相似文献
Use of high-resolution and historic CORONA satellite photographs for mapping and other purposes requires Ground Control Points
(GCPs), as ephemeris data and image parameters are not available. However, the alterations in landscape in last 34 years (i.e., since the acquisition of these photographs) prevent identification and collection of large number of GCPs in the field.
This paper presents a methodology for collection of GCPs for CORONA photographs. The advantages and limitations of the methodology
are discussed. For a study site, situated in Siwaliks and Lower Himalayas, the GCPs were identified in CORONA photographs
and their WGS84 coordinates were estimated through a process of datum transformation and georeferencing. Estimated GCP coordinates
from the topo sheets and 2D and 3D views of photographs, helped in identifying the GCP locations in field, which were observed
using DGPS. Investigations were carried out to relate Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) accuracy with base line
length and time of observation. Abase line of 350 km and half an hour observation were found appropriate to yield accuracy
in GCP collection by DGPS method, which conforms to CORONA resolution of 3 m. 相似文献
Impacts to shallow-water estuarine habitats should be assessed in a holistic context reflecting both the interrelatedness of habitats that characterize these environments and the history of impacts, human and natural, that have shaped their present ecology. In a holistic context these habitats are considered to be dynamic associations of macrohabitats and micro-habitats, interacting through time to affect the quantity (Q1), quality (Q2), and timing (T) of material and energy transfer within the system. Where data are available, this holistic approach (Q1, Q2 and T or Q2T) allows impacts to be evaluated in a multidimensional framework of time and space. Unfortunately, few data are available to evaluate the long-term implications of timing, the T factor. Recorded observations of most estuarine systems cover tens of years, periods not extensive enough to assess long-term changes to the environment or to distinguish man's impacts from those of nature. Sustained droughts, for example, can cause massive disruption in estuaries, altering habitats and species composition. When these changes occur over periods of 5–10 yr, the changes are difficult to identify and may be attributed to man's activities rather than nature's Using the Hudson River estuary as an example, we have knowledge of historical impacts extending back to the 1700s, ranging from dredging to major droughts. For the Hudson River, recorded observations of rainfall and river flow extend back about 70 yr; however, tree rings provide a more extensive record since tree growth increments are directly dependent upon rainfall. The Hudson River drought record was extended back to 1694 using tree rings. Using the reconstructed record, the relationship between today's conditions—flow and average location of the ocean-derived salt front—can be placed in a historical context. This historical perspective allows us to place present-day human impacts into the contex of long-term natural impacts and to discriminate among these effects. The drought example is particularly relevant to shallow-water habitats because these habitats provide an interface between fresh and marine waters. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00008 相似文献
The theoretical probabilities of wet and dry spells derived from the Markov Chain Model were found to fit very closely the observed probabilities of various sequence lengths at Juba, S Sudan. Monthly variation in the probability values does not seem to follow a secular trend. Anomogram relating observed sequence length frequency of wet and dry spells versus those computed by Markov model is presented. 相似文献
Air photos coupled with intensive ground check and laboratory analysis have helped in establishing the relationship between physiography and associated soils located in the alluvial tract of Sonepat district Haryana. Four major landform units in the area were1 (i) recent flood plain, (ii) young meander plain, (iii) old meander plain and (iv) ofd alluvial plain. Each of the major units were sub divided on the basis of photo elements, (tone texture and parcelling). In the recent flood plain development in the profile was restricted due to recent deposits and continuous flooding during rainy season. Profile showed little development in the young and old meander plain which are to some extent free from flood activity. The old alluvial plain which showed maximum development in the profile might be attributed to age (Late Placetocene) and topography (occupies low land). Although over all the profile development is slow due to calcareous nature of parent material. 相似文献